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<div>So this is curious: output to Cloud optimized Geotiff with ZSTD compression to Level 17 is smaller than levels 18-22. Or at least that's my results when testing compression results with Gdal 3.1 via Qgis 3.18 on Windows 10. I expected compression levels
 to get smaller with higher levels, at expense of longer and longer computation time. Levels 1 to 16 do that. <span style="font-size: 10pt;">Even m</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ore curious than 17 being the smallest of the lot </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">is
 that each step </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">18 to 22 is progressively larger, albeit by a miniscule amount</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Here's my results:<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="570" style="border-collapse:
 collapse;width:427pt">
<colgroup><col width="82" style="mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:2901;width:61pt"><col width="93" style="mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:3299;width:70pt"><col width="203" style="mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:7224;width:152pt"><col width="64" span="3" style="width:48pt"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr height="38" style="height:28.8pt">
<td height="38" class="xl67" width="82" style="height: 28.8pt; width: 61pt; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; font-family: Calibri; border-top: 0.5pt solid black; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
% smaller than biggest</td>
<td width="93" style="width: 70pt; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; font-family: Calibri; border-top: 0.5pt solid black; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
Bytes</td>
<td width="203" style="width: 152pt; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; font-family: Calibri; border-top: 0.5pt solid black; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
Filename</td>
<td width="64" style="width: 48pt; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; font-family: Calibri; border-top: 0.5pt solid black; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
Compression</td>
<td width="64" style="width: 48pt; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; font-family: Calibri; border-top: 0.5pt solid black; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
Predictor</td>
<td width="64" style="width: 48pt; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; font-family: Calibri; border-top: 0.5pt solid black; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
Level</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">24.2%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">200,968,821</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev17.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">17</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">22.8%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">204,567,155</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev18.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">18</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">22.8%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">204,594,678<br>
</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev19.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes<br>
</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">19</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">22.8%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">204,594,678</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev20.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">20</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">22.8%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">204,626,722</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev21.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">21</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">22.8%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">204,635,985</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev22.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">22</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">22.6%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">205,026,301</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev16.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">16</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">21.5%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">208,039,012<br>
</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev15.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">15</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">21.5%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">208,094,559</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev13.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">13</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">21.5%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">208,094,560</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev14.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">14</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">21.3%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">208,714,731</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev12.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">12</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">21.2%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">208,989,301</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev11.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">11</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">21.2%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">208,989,994</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev10.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">10</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">21.1%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">209,071,549</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev9.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">9</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">21.0%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">209,453,858</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev8.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">8</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">20.9%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">209,634,360</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev7.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">7</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">20.7%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">210,182,178</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev6.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">6</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">20.4%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">210,992,074</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev5.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">5</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">18.9%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">214,894,175</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev4.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">4</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">17.4%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">218,911,762</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev3.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">lzw</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">2</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">3</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">16.6%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">220,991,236</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-dflt-p2.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">deflate</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">2</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">13.0%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">230,553,902</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev2.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes<br>
</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">2</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">11.6%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">234,277,147</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-zstd-pyes-lev1.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">zstd</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">yes</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">1</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height:14.4pt">5.7%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">249,979,858</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">cog-dflt-p1.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">deflate</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;">1</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height:14.4pt">
<td height="19" class="xl66" align="right" style="height: 14.4pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
0.0%</td>
<td class="xl65" align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
265,062,854</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
cog-lzw-p2.tif</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
lzw</td>
<td align="right" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
2</td>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: none;">
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Command line pattern:</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div></div>
<div>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Courier New";font-size:11.0pt">gdal_translate ^</p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Courier New";font-size:11.0pt">  -co compress=zstd ^</p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Courier New";font-size:11.0pt">  -co predictor=yes ^</p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Courier New";font-size:11.0pt">  -co level=3 ^</p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Courier New";font-size:11.0pt">  -co num_threads=all_cpus ^</p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Courier New";font-size:11.0pt">  -of cog ^</p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Courier New";font-size:11.0pt">  mtn-view.tif ^</p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Courier New";font-size:11.0pt">  mtn-view-cog-zstd-pyes-lev3.tif<br>
</p>
<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Source image:<br>
<br>
</div>
<div>
<div style="direction:ltr">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" valign="top" style="direction:ltr;
 border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:
 1pt">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:1.059in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-weight:bold">Name</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:5.2569in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt">AerialPhotos/AerialPhotos</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:1.059in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-weight:bold">URL</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:5.3111in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:11.0pt"><a href="https://mapservices.gov.yk.ca/imagery/rest/services/AerialPhotos/AerialPhotos/ImageServer"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://mapservices.gov.yk.ca/imagery/rest/services/AerialPhotos/AerialPhotos/ImageServer</span></span></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:1.059in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-weight:bold">Source</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:5.3263in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt">crs='EPSG:3578' format='JPGPNG' layer='' url='https://mapservices.gov.yk.ca/imagery/rest/services/AerialPhotos/AerialPhotos/ImageServer'</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:1.059in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-weight:bold">CRS</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:5.2569in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt">EPSG:3578 - NAD83 / Yukon Albers - Projected</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:1.0784in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-weight:bold">Export extent</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:5.2375in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt"><em>Upper Left, </em><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14.6667px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><em>Lower Left, </em><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14.6667px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><em>Upper
 Right</em></span><em>, Lower Right</em></span><br>
</p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt">356750.816,  702590.026<br>
</p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt">356750.816,  699097.526<br>
</p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt">361572.583,  702590.026<br>
</p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt">361572.583,  699097.526<br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:1.059in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-weight:bold">Pixel size</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
  vertical-align:top;width:5.2569in;padding:4pt 4pt 4pt 4pt">
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt">0.5m<br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<p>​Cheers,<br>
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