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<p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 18pt">GRASS PROGRAMS BY FUNCTION</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 18pt">GRASS Version 5.0</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="font-size: 14pt">GENERAL PROGRAMS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Start the point-and-click user interface for GRASS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">tcltkgrass</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">General location and mapset management commands</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.access<span>                     </span>Control access to your mapset by other users</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.gisenv<span>                      </span>Query present location and mapset</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.mapsets<span>                  </span>Query presently accessible mapsets or change access</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.setproj<span>                     </span>List or change projection information for the location</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Copy, list, remove, rename maps, icons, labels, regions, groups, or 3dviews</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.copy<span>                        </span>Copy maps, icons, labels, regions, groups, or 3dviews</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.list<span>                            </span>List the maps, icons, labels, regions, groups, or 3dviews </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.remove<span>                    </span>Remove maps, icons, labels, regions, groups, or 3dviews</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.rename<span>                    </span>Rename maps, icons, labels, regions, groups, or 3dviews</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Help</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.help<span>                         </span>GRASS interactive help</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.version<span>                    </span>Interactively list information about the GRASS version</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Misc.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.tempfile<span>                   </span>Creates a temporary file and prints the file name. Designed for shell
scripts that need to use large temporary files. GRASS provides a
mechanism for temporary files that does not depend on /tmp.</span></span></p>
<br>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="font-size: 14pt">INPUT/OUTPUT PROGRAMS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Input or import data into GRASS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt">Into raster maps</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt"></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.in.erdas<span>                    </span>Creates raster files from ERDAS files.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.in.e00<span>                     </span>Input Arc/Info .e00 files</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.in.stf1.tape<span>             </span>Filter to extract lines from a text file based on column contents, especially
for Bureau of the Census STF1 files</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.lulc.USGS<span>              </span>Creates raster map layers from a Composite Theme Grid (CTG) file
created by m.lulc.read . m.lulc.read extracts the CTG data from an ASCII
landuse/landcover (lulc) CTG format file supplied by the USGS</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.lulc.read<span>                 </span>Extracts Landuse/Landcover data in the ASCII Composite Theme Grid
(CTG) data format distributed by the USGS in to a working file for
m.lulc.USGS </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.sdts.read<span>                </span>Reads files in ISO 8211 (FIPS 123) format and dumps contents to screen
and/or file</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.strip99s<span>                  </span>Strips the no data, '99', areas out and replaces them with spaces (after
raster import with r.in.miads)</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.tiger.region<span>             </span>Finds geographic region information for U.S. Census Bureau TIGER input
data</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.arc<span>                        </span>Convert an ESRI ARC/INFO ascii raster file (GRID) into a (binary) raster
map layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.ascii<span>                      </span>Convert an ASCII raster text file into a (binary) raster map layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.bin<span>                        </span>Import a binary raster file.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.doq<span>                       </span>Import digitial orthophotographs into GRASS raster map</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.dted<span>                      </span>Imports DTED I & DTED II into GRASS Lat-Lon location</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.elas<span>                      </span>Import an ELAS raster file into a GRASS raster map</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.gdal<span>                      </span>Import GDAL supported raster file into a binary raster map layer</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.gridatb<span>                  </span>Imports GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) into GRASS raster map</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.ll<span>                           </span>Converts raster data referenced using latitude and longitude coordinates
to a UTM-referenced map layer in GRASS raster format</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.miads<span>                   </span>Imports SCS MIADS format raster data into GRASS raster map layer</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.png<span>                       </span>Import non-georeferenced PNG format Image into GRASS raster file.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.poly<span>                      </span>Create raster maps from ascii polygon/line data files in the current
directory</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.ppm<span>                      </span>Converts an ASCII/BINARY PPM image file to a GRASS raster file</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.shape<span>                   </span>Read an ArcView Shapefile (polygons and lines)</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.sunrast<span>                 </span>Converts a SUN raster file to a GRASS raster file</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.tang<span>                      </span>Imports Tangent raster data into GRASS raster map layer</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.tiff<span>                         </span>Imports a TIFF (8 or 24 bit) raster file into GRASS raster file(s)</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.in.utm<span>                       </span>Imports an utm raster map into a GRASS raster map layer.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Into site lists</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.in.ascii<span>                     </span>Convert an ASCII listing of site locations into a GRASS site list file.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.in.dbf <span>                      </span>Import a dBase table of site locations into a GRASS site list file.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.in.shape<span>                   </span>Read an ArcView Shapefile with points or multipoint shapes</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Into vector maps</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.import<span>                      </span>This program performs all of the processes that are needed to convert
ASCII DLG files, binary DLG files, ASCII SCS-GEF files, ASCII ARC
Ungenerate files, ASCII DXF files, and ASCII vector files into binary vector
files. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.arc<span>                       </span>Imports vector data in ARC/INFO ungenerate format into GRASS. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.ascii<span>                     </span>Converts ASCII vector map layers into binary vector map layers. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.atlas<span>                     </span>Imports vector maps from Atlas GIS??</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.dlg<span>                        </span>Converts an ASCII USGS DLG-3 Optional file to a binary GRASS vector
(dig) file. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.dlg.scs<span>                 </span>Developed to handle DLG-3 ASCII import of data, specifically a DLG
WITHOUT category/attribute codes. DLG files with this affliction will
require a flat ASCII file having a 1 to 1 correspondence between DLG area
number and a text label. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.dlg2<span>                      </span>Converts an ASCII or binary USGS DLG-3 (bdlg) file to a binary GRASS
vector (dig) file. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.dxf<span>                        </span>Converts files in DXF format to ASCII or binary GRASS vector file format. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.dxf3d<span>                    </span>Converts the Z values of DXF files to attribute GRASS vector file format. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.gshhs<span>                   </span>Import Global Self-consistant Hierarchical High-resolution Shoreline
(GSHHS) data</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.mif<span>                        </span>Import of MapInfo vector files</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.poly<span>                      </span>This program creates a vector map of polygons of specified radius around
center points which may be input as coordinate pairs from a file or from
standard input.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.sdts<span>                      </span>Imports SDTS vector data, conforming to the Topological Vector Profile,
into GRASS, creating GRASS vector map(s) and associated attribute files
ready to be installed in a relational database. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.shape<span>                   </span>Read an ArcView Shapefile </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.tig.basic<span>               </span>This program creates a GRASS vector map in the current mapset (UTM or
Lat-Long locations only) with labelled line segments constructed from the
end points (nodes) from the Type 1 TIGER file records and shape points
from the Type 2 TIGER file. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.tig.lndmk<span>              </span>This program creates a GRASS site or vector map of Census "Landmark"
features in the current mapset (UTM or Lat-Long locations only) with
labelled points, areas or lines constructed from the TIGER file records.
Each point or area Landmark is a record in the Type 7 TIGER/Line file for
a county. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.transects<span>              </span>Imports "transects" into a GRASS vector map. A transect is a line (or an
area) which is described by a starting coordinate, a direction or azimuth,
(or backward, forward, rightside, and leftside distances from the line
transect), and a length (in meters or feet). </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Input US Census data</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.in.stf1.tape<span>             </span>Filter to extract lines from a text file based on column contents, especially
for Bureau of the Census STF1 files</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.tiger.region<span>             </span>Finds geographic region information for U.S. Census Bureau TIGER input
data</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.apply.census<span>           </span>This program reads a previously selected subset of STF1 or PL94-171
U.S. Census Bureau demographic records (see m.in.stf1.tape), and
creates a site list or vector file. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.tig.basic<span>               </span>This program creates a GRASS vector map in the current mapset (UTM or
Lat-Long locations only) with labelled line segments constructed from the
end points (nodes) from the Type 1 TIGER file records and shape points
from the Type 2 TIGER file. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.in.tig.lndmk<span>              </span>This program creates a GRASS site or vector map of Census "Landmark"
features in the current mapset (UTM or Lat-Long locations only) with
labelled points, areas or lines constructed from the TIGER file records.
Each point or area Landmark is a record in the Type 7 TIGER/Line file for
a county. </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Input US Geological Survey (USGS) or US Military digital elevation data</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.bsplit<span>                       </span>Splits a large (greater than 1,048,000 megabyte) binary file into smaller
portions. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.dem.examine<span>         </span>Provides a terse description of USGS Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data
files stored on 1/2-inch magnetic tape</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.dem.extract<span>            </span>Extracts USGS Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from 1/2-inch magnetic
tape</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.dmaUSGSread<span>       </span>Extracts digital terrain elevation data (DTED) produced by the Defense
Mapping Agency (DMA) but supplied by the USGS (in a different tape
format) on 1/2-inch magnetic tape.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.dted.examine<span>         </span>Provides a terse description of level 1 and 2 digital terrain elevation data
(DTED) files produced and distributed by the Defense Mapping Agency
(DMA) on 1/2-inch magnetic tapes</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.dted.extract<span>            </span>Extracts digital terrain elevation data (DTED - levels 1 and 2) produced
and supplied by the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) on 1/2-inch
magnetic tapes</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.examine.tape<span>         </span>Provides a description of the files on a 1/2-inch magnetic tape.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.flip<span>                          </span>Flips elevation data extracted from systems that retrieve data by rows from
south to north</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.futil<span>                         </span>Merge 2 ascii files, re-arrange the column order of an ascii file, or divide
an ascii file.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.rot90<span>                       </span>Rotate a raster map 90 degrees</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Output or export data from GRASS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>From a raster map</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.arc<span>                      </span>Converts a raster map layer into an ESRI ARCGRID file</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.ascii<span>                    </span>Converts a raster map layer into an ASCII text file</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.bin<span>                      </span>Exports a GRASS raster to a binary array. Can also output GMT
compatible header or BIL world and header files</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.elas<span>                    </span>Export a GRASS raster map layer to an ELAS raster file</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.gridatb<span>                </span>Exports GRASS raster map to GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL)</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.mpeg<span>                  </span>Raster File Series to MPEG Conversion Program.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.png<span>                     </span>Export GRASS raster as non-georeferenced PNG image format</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.pov<span>                     </span>Converts a raster map layer into a height-field file for POVRAY.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.ppm<span>                    </span>Converts a GRASS raster file to a PPM image file at the pixel resolution of
the CURRENTLY DEFINED REGION</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.rlc<span>                       </span>Exports a GRASS raster to a RLC encoded binary file.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.tga<span>                      </span>Exports a GRASS raster file to a 24bit TGA file</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.tiff<span>                       </span>Exports a GRASS raster file to a 8/24bit TIFF image file at the pixel
resolution of the currently defined region. Can also output a TIFF world file
or a tiled TIFF</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.out.xyz<span>                     </span>Export GRASS raster files into xyz format.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>From a site list</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.out.ascii<span>                   </span>Converts a GRASS site list file into an ASCII listing of site locations and
their descriptions.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.out.e00<span>                    </span>Write an Arc-Info point coverage in e00 format.</span></span></p>
<br>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>From a vector map</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.export<span>                      </span>Converts binary vector files into formatted ASCII files for transfer to other
computer systems. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.arc<span>                     </span>Exports GRASS vector files to ARC/INFO's "ungenerate" file format. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.ascii<span>                   </span>Converts a binary GRASS vector map layer into an ASCII GRASS vector
map layer. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.atlas<span>                   </span>Exports vector maps to Atlas GIS format??</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.dlg<span>                     </span>Converts binary GRASS vector data to DLG-3 Optional vector data format. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.dxf<span>                     </span>Generates an ASCII DXF (AutoCad) file from a GRASS vector ASCII file.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.e00<span>                    </span>Write an Arc-Info line/polygon coverage in e00 format </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.idrisi<span>                   </span>A quick and dirty export routine from GRASS to IDRISI. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.mapinfo<span>             </span>Convert site, line, area data to MapInfo format??</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.mif<span>                     </span>Exports GRASS vector maps to MapInfo vector file</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.moss<span>                  </span>Converts GRASS site, line, or area data into MOSS import format. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.sdts<span>                    </span>Creates an SDTS dataset conforming to the Topological Vector Profile
from a GRASS vector map layer. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.out.shape<span>                </span>Export GRASS vectors files to ESRI Shapefile format. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.sdts.dq.cp<span>                </span>The program provides assistance for the preparation of the five data
quality report modules (Lineage, Positional Accuracy, Attribute Accuracy,
Logical Consistency, and Completeness) required in an SDTS transfer
dataset. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.sdts.meta<span>                 </span>This menu-driven Tcl/Tk program enables the user to prepare and install
supplementary metadata and data quality reports for a vector map
preceding the creation of an SDTS transfer dataset. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.sdts.meta.cp<span>            </span>The program provides assistance for the preparation of supplemental
metadata for an SDTS export dataset. </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="font-size: 14pt">COORDINATE/MAP PROJECTION PROGRAMS</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.datum.shift<span>             </span>Datum shift program. Return geographic coordinates based on a different
datum than the one used to obtain the original coordinates.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.gc2ll<span>                        </span>Convert geographic to lat.-long. coordinates</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.ll2gc<span>                        </span>Convert lat.-long. to geographic coordinates</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.ll2u<span>                         </span>Convert lat.-long. to UTM coordinates</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.proj<span>                         </span>General projection utility for raster maps </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.region.ll<span>                  </span>Converts UTM coordinates falling within the current geographic</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">region to geographic (latitude/longitude) coordinates.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.u2ll<span>                         </span>Convert UTM coordinates to lat.-long. coordinates</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.proj<span>                           </span>Re-project a raster map from one location to the current location (no
datum transformation yet)</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.proj<span>                          </span>Allows the user to re-project a sites file from one location to the current
location (no datum transformation yet).</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.proj<span>                          </span>Allows a user to convert a vector map in a specified mapset of a specified
location (different from current) with projection of input location to the
vector map in a current mapset of current location with projection of
current location (both projections are defined by corresponding
PROJ_INFO files). </span></span></p>
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<br>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="font-size: 14pt">DATABASE PROGRAMS</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.ask<span>                          </span>Prompts the user to select a GRASS data base file from among files
displayed in a menu on the graphics monitor.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.db<span>                            </span>Displays points from database table in the display window.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.what.db<span>                   </span>View/edit attributes of selected DB site.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">db.columns<span>                 </span>List all columns for a given table</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">db.connect<span>                 </span>Connect to the database through DBMI</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">db.createdb<span>                </span>Create an empty database</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">db.databases<span>             </span>List all databases for a given driver</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">db.describe<span>                </span>Describe a table (in detail)</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">db.drivers<span>                   </span>List all installed DBMI drivers</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">db.dropdb<span>                   </span>Remove a database</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">db.droptable<span>               </span>Remove a table from database</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">db.execute<span>                 </span>Execute any SQL statement</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">db.select<span>                     </span>Select data from database</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">db.tables<span>                    </span>List all tables for a given database</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.ask<span>                          </span>Prompts the user for the names of GRASS data base files</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.filename<span>                  </span>Prints GRASS data base file names</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.findfile<span>                      </span>Searches for GRASS data base files and sets variables for the shell</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.db.reclass<span>                </span>Changes vector category values for an existing vector map according to
results of SQL queries. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.to.db<span>                        </span>Load values (e.g., category, label, area) from a vector map to a database.</span></span></p>
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<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="font-size: 14pt">DISPLAY PROGRAMS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Start, stop, and erase display windows and the frames inside display windows</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.erase<span>                       </span>Erase the contents of the active display frame with user-defined color.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.frame<span>                       </span>Manages display frames on the user's graphics monitor. Create, erase, or
select a frame for output.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.mon<span>                         </span>To establish and control use of a graphics display monitor.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">nviz<span>                            </span>Visualization and animation tool for GRASS data </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Add maps to display window in 2-D</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt">General</span></i></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.display<span>                     </span>Interactively display maps and map elements (e.g., barscale).</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt">Composite maps</span></i></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.his<span>                           </span>Produces and displays a raster map layer combining hue, intensity, and
saturation (his) values from user-specified input raster map layers. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.rgb<span>                           </span>Produces and displays a false color composite from 3 raster maps
representing red, green, and blue</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Database table</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.db<span>                            </span>Displays points from database table in the display window.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Raster maps</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.rast<span>                          </span>Display a raster map and raster overlays in the display window.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt">Site lists/points</span></i></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.icons<span>                        </span>Displays points, as icons, at user-defined locations in the active display
frame on the graphics monitor.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">p.icons<span>                        </span>Display/Paint icon generator</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.points<span>                      </span>Displays points from a file in the display window.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.site.labels<span>                </span>Labels points from a sites file in the display window.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.sites<span>                         </span>Displays points from a sites file in the display window.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.sites.qual<span>                 </span>Displays points from a sites file in the display window; identical to d.sites
except adds the possibility of using rules to select a subset of the sites for
display.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Vector maps</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.vect<span>                         </span>Display a vector map in the display window.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.vect.cats<span>                  </span>Display one category of a vector map in the display window.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.vect.labels<span>               </span>Labels vectors using the attribute value or the category value. Performs
automated placement of labels for a vector map on the current graphics
monitor.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Add maps to display window in 3-D</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt">Raster maps</span></i></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.3d<span>                            </span>Displays three-dimensional images based on raster map layers</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Add graphic elements to the display window</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.graph<span>                       </span>Program for generating and displaying simple graphics to the graphics
display monitor.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.mapgraph<span>                </span>Generates and displays simple graphics on map layers drawn in the active
graphics monitor display frame.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Add map elements (e.g., barscale) to the display window</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.barscale<span>                  </span>Displays a barscale on GRASS monitor.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.scale<span>                        </span>Displays a barscale on GRASS monitor (seems to be identical to
d.barscale.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.colortable<span>                </span>To display the color table associated with a raster map layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.geodesic<span>                  </span>Displays a geodesic line, tracing the shortest distance between two
geographic points along a great circle, in a longitude/latitude data set.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.grid<span>                          </span>Overlays a user-specified grid in the active display frame on the graphics
monitor. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.legend<span>                     </span>Add a graphic legend to the display window.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.leg.thin<span>                    </span>Improved version of d.legend that allows:</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">- Thinning the categories to be represented in the legend</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">- Displaying a continuous gradient of all categories in the legend</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">- Interactive mouse placement of the smooth gradient box. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.rhumbline<span>                </span>Display a rhumbline for a longitude/latitude data set.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Add histograms, linegraphs, or profile plots to the display window</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.histogram<span>                </span>Displays a histogram in the form of a pie or bar chart for a user-specified
raster file. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.linegraph<span>                 </span>Display a linegraph for x versus y data on the display window.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.profile<span>                      </span>Interactive profile plotting utility with optional output.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Add text to the display window</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.font<span>                          </span>Selects the font in which text will be displayed on the user's graphics
monitor.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.label<span>                        </span>Creates and displays text labels in the active display frame on the
graphics monitor.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.labels<span>                       </span>Interactively (only) place labels on the display window.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.menu<span>                       </span>Creates and displays a menu within the active frame on the graphics
monitor.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.paint.labels<span>              </span>Add labels stored in a labels file (from d.labels) to the display window.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.text<span>                          </span>Add text of a particular size and color at a specific place on the display
window.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.title<span>                          </span>Add a title of a particular size and color.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">p.icons<span>                        </span>This program allows the user to create and maintain icons which are used
by the p.map and d.icons commands to depict sites. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">p.labels<span>                       </span>This module allows the user to create or modify labels files. These labels
files, which are stored in the database, define text information for printing
with p.map and for graphics display with d.paint.labels.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Interactively pan, zoom, or otherwise change the region in the display window</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.extend<span>                     </span>Set window region from currently displayed raster, vector and sites maps
with largest map region.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.pan<span>                          </span>Pan (move spatially) or zoom a raster, vector, or site map</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.zoom<span>                       </span>Zoom a raster. vector, or site map</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Manually zoom or otherwise change the region in the display window</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.region<span>                      </span>Set region to match default region, any map, particular north, south, east,
or west limits, or change the resolution, or save the present region</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Get information about cell resolution and change cell resolution</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">g.region<span>                      </span>Get information about resolution or change the resolution of the present
region</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.qcalc<span>                       </span>Calculate a table showing (1) cell size in square feet, acres, and hectares,
(2) acres in square feet, hectares, and cells, (3) hectares in square feet,
acres, and cells. The user specifies a range of values (e.g., 1 to 10) and
these conversions are shown in a table for each value in the range.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Get information from the display window</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.area<span>                         </span>Obtains area/perimeter information on vector polygons.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.measure<span>                  </span>Measures the lengths and areas of features drawn by the user </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">in the active display frame on the graphics monitor.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.what.rast<span>                 </span>Allows the user to interactively query the category contents of multiple
raster map layers at user-specified locations within the current geographic
region.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.what.sites<span>                </span>Allows the user to interactively query site list descriptions.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.what.vect<span>                 </span>Allows the user to interactively query a vector map layer at user-selected
locations within the current geographic region.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.where<span>                      </span>Allows the user to interactively query the geographic coordinates of a point
on the display window.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span> </span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Adjust colors of maps in display window</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.colorlist<span>                    </span>Output a list of all available display colors with a configurable separator</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.colormode<span>               </span>Allows the user to establish whether a map will be displayed using its own
color table or the fixed color table of the graphics monitor.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.colors<span>                      </span>Interactive changes in colors on the display window.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Display and edit information for small parts of raster maps</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.rast.arrow<span>                </span>Display directional information from a raster map.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.rast.edit<span>                   </span>Interactively edit an integer raster map</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.rast.num<span>                  </span>Display the values in a small area of an integer raster map.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Geographically register or adjust the coordinates for a map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.fix.ortho<span>                   </span>Interactively shift a map in east and/or north directions</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Save commands sufficient to re-create the current display window</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.save<span>                        </span>Create a list of commands for recreating screen graphics.</span></span></p>
<br>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="font-size: 14pt">IMAGERY PROGRAMS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Image group management</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.group<span>                        </span>Create or modify sets of raster maps that make up a group.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.target<span>                        </span>This program targets an imagery group to a GRASS database</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Input maps to imagery groups from files</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.in.erdas<span>                    </span>Creates raster files from ERDAS files.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Input maps to imagery groups from tapes</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.tape.mss</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.tape.mss.h<span>                </span>An imagery function that extracts header information from LANDSAT
Multispectral Scanner (MSS) imagery data stored on half-inch tape</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.tape.other<span>                 </span>An imagery function that extracts scanned aerial imagery (NHAP, etc.) and
satellite imagery (TM, SPOT, etc) from half-inch or 8mm tape.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.tape.slc<span>                     </span>ERS1.SAR.SLC CEOS file tape extraction (ERS RADAR data extractor).</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.tape.spot<span>                  </span>An imagery function that extracts SPOT imagery from half-inch tape. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.tape.tm<span>                     </span>An imagery function that extracts LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM)
imagery from half-inch tape. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.tape.tm.fast<span>              </span>An imagery function that extracts Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery from
tape media </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Output images to other image processing programs</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.out.erdas<span>                  </span>Output an imagery group or maps in ERDAS format</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Image statistical analysis</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.cca<span>                            </span>Canonical components analysis (cca) program for image processing.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.fft<span>                              </span>Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for image processing.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.ifft<span>                             </span>Inverse Fast Fourier Transform for image processing.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.pca<span>                           </span>Principal components analysis (pca) program for image processing.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.shape<span>                       </span>Performs spatial shape identification and classification on a raster map.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.texture<span>                      </span>Calculate 14 measures of image texture for a raster map.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Image classification and accuracy assessment</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.class<span>                         </span>Supervised classification?</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.cluster<span>                       </span>An imagery function that generates spectral signatures for land cover
types in an image using a clustering algorithm. The resulting signature file
is used as input for i.maxlik, to generate an unsupervised image
classification.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.gensig<span>                       </span>Generates statistics for i.maxlik from raster map layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.gensigset<span>                  </span>Generate statistics for i.smap from raster map layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.ipf<span>                           </span>Iterative proportional fitting for error matrices. Uses an error or confusion
matrix produced by r.coin or r.kappa, smooths zero counts, and does
iterative proportional fitting to normalize the matrix.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.kappa<span>                     </span>Calculate error matrix and kappa parameter for accuracy assessment of
classification result</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.kappa <span>                      </span>Calculate error matrix and kappa parameter for accuracy assessment of
classification result.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.maxlik<span>                       </span>An imagery function that classifies the cell spectral reflectances in imagery
data based on the spectral signature information generated by either
i.cluster, i.class, or i.gensig.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.smap<span>                        </span>An imagery function that performs contextual image classification using
sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Image feature mapping</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.rvi.prediction<span>             </span>Calculates ground features, e.g. plant cover, by remote sensing data
using a given regression model</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.rvi.prediction<span>            </span>Calculates ground features, e.g. plant cover, by remote sensing data
using a given regression model.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Make composite maps from maps in an imagery group or from several raster maps</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.colors<span>                        </span>Allows the user to interactively assign red, green, and blue colors to the
band files in an imagery group while viewing the display of the combined
bands on the graphics monitor</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.composite<span>                 </span>An imagery function that creates a color composite image from three
imagery band files specified by the user.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.grey.scale<span>                 </span>An imagery function that assigns a histogram contrast stretch grey scale
color table to a raster map layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.his.rgb<span>                      </span>Convert a histogram-intensity-saturation set of maps to a red-green-blue
set of maps.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.quantize<span>                    </span>An interactive imagery function that creates a raster map layer whose
color table is based on the red, green, and blue color values present in
existing, user-specified imagery group files. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.rgb.his<span>                      </span>Convert a red-green-blue set of maps to a histogram-intensity, saturation
set of maps.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.composite<span>                </span>Combines red, green and blue map layers into a single composite map
layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.his<span>                            </span>Generates red, green and blue raster map layers combining hue, intensity,
and saturation (his) values from user-specified input raster map layers</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Image registration and orthorectification</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.ortho.photo<span>               </span>Interactively orthorectify maps in an imagery group</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.points<span>                        </span>An imagery function that enables the user to mark coordinate system
points on an image to be rectified and then input the coordinates of each
point for creation of a coordinate transformation matrix. The transformation
matrix is needed as input for the GRASS program i.rectify.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.points3<span>                      </span>An imagery function that enables the user to mark coordinate system
points on an image to be rectified and then input the coordinates of each
point for determination of transformation parameters. The transformation
parameters are needed as input for the GRASS program i.rectify3</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.rectify<span>                        </span>Spatially register an image to geographic coordinates</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.vpoints<span>                      </span>Identifies coordinate pairs of points from a vector map or keyboard entry
and corresponding points in an image.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Edge detection</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.zc<span>                             </span>Zero-crossing "edge detection" raster function for image processing.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="font-size: 14pt">GENERAL RASTER PROGRAMS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Get summary information about a single raster map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.cats<span>                          </span>Prints category values and labels associated with user-specified raster
map layers.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.describe<span>                   </span>Prints terse list of category values found in a raster map layer. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.info<span>                           </span>Outputs basic information about a user-specified raster map layer</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.report<span>                       </span>Reports acres, hectares, or number of cells as well as miles, meters, or
kilometer for each category in a raster map layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.stats<span>                         </span>Generates area statistics for raster map layers. Can print total area,
number of cells, percent cover for each category. Can also print category
value, row, and column, as well as easting and northing for each cell.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.sum<span>                          </span>Sums up the raster cell values.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.surf.area<span>                   </span>Surface area estimation for rasters.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Get information about a single raster map at specific points</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.what.rast<span>                 </span>Allows the user to interactively query the category contents of multiple
raster map layers at user-specified locations within the current geographic
region.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.what<span>                         </span>Queries raster map layers on their category values and category labels at
specific easting and northing locations, which are typed in.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.sample<span>                     </span>Sample a raster file at site locations.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Get information about a single raster map along transects or profiles</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.profile<span>                       </span>Outputs the raster map layer values lying on user-defined line(s)</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.transect<span>                    </span>Outputs raster map layer values lying along user defined transect line(s).
Can output the raw values or the median or average.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Get information from two or more raster maps</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Given a base map, get information for corresponding areas in a cover map</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.average<span>                    </span>Finds the average of values in a cover map within areas assigned the
same category value in a user-specified base map.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.median<span>                     </span>Finds the median of values in a cover map within areas assigned the
same category value in a user-specified base map</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.mode<span>                        </span>Finds the mode of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same
category value in a user-specified base map</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.statistics<span>                   </span>Category or object oriented statistics. Can calculate distribution, average,
mode, median, standard deviation, variance, skewness, kurtosis,
minimum, maximum, and sum for cells in a cover map given categories in
a user-specified base map.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.volume<span>                     </span>Calculates the volume of data "clumps", and (optionally) produces a
GRASS site_lists file containing the calculated centroids of these clumps.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Quantify the relationship between two or more raster maps</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.coin<span>                          </span>Tabulates the mutual occurrence (coincidence) of categories for two raster
map layers.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.covar<span>                        </span>Outputs a covariance/correlation matrix for user-specified raster map
layer(s).</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.distance<span>                   </span>Locates the closest points between objects in two raster maps.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.ipf<span>                           </span>Iterative proportional fitting for error matrices. Uses an error or confusion
matrix produced by r.coin or r.kappa, smooths zero counts, and does
iterative proportional fitting to normalize the matrix.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create new raster maps by digitizing on screen</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.digit<span>                          </span>Digitize on screen to produce a raster map.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create new raster maps by reclassing, rescaling, or resampling</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.reclass<span>                     </span>Creates a new map layer whose category values are based upon the
user's reclassification of categories in an existing raster map layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.reclass.scs<span>               </span>SCS version of r.reclass; only operates as interactive program</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.recode<span>                      </span>Rescale data with range a:b to a new range and adjust category values to
fit the new range.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.resample<span>                  </span>GRASS raster map layer data resampling capability. Often this is run after
r.reclass in order to create a separate new map, since r.reclass simply
creates a reclass table relative to the original map.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.rescale.eq<span>                </span>Rescales histogram equalized the range of category values in a raster
map layer</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create new raster maps by quantitative or logical analysis</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.binfer<span>                        </span>Bayesian expert system development program.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.infer<span>                          </span>Outputs a raster map layer whose category values represent the
application of user-specified criteria (rules statements) to other raster map
layers' category values.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.mapcalc<span>                   </span>Raster map calculator to add, subtract, multiply, divide and do many other
calculations on raster maps</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create new raster maps by combining other raster maps</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.combine<span>                   </span>Allows category values from several raster map layers to be combined.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.cross<span>                        </span>Creates a cross product of the category values from multiple raster map
layers.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.mapcalc<span>                   </span>Raster map calculator to add, subtract, multiply, divide and do many other
calculations on raster maps</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.patch<span>                        </span>Creates a composite raster map layer by using known category values
from one (or more) map layer(s) to fill in areas of "no data" in another map
layer</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.weight<span>                      </span>Weight provides the researcher with a computer driven mathematical
method for doing weighted map overlays. Landscape characteristics are
assigned weights, each location's characteristics then yield a total weight
based on the sum of the weights assigned to its characteristics.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.weight.new<span>               </span>New version of r.weight??</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.weight2<span>                    </span>r.weight2 is the non-interactive version of r.weight. Both programs allow
the user to assign numeric values (i.e., "weights") to individual category
values within raster map layers. These weights are then distributed
locationally throughout a raster map layer based on the distribution of the
categories with which they are associated.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create new raster maps by spatial analysis</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.buffer<span>                        </span>Creates a raster map layer showing buffer zones surrounding cells that
contain non-NULL category values.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.circle<span>                        </span>Creates a raster map containing concentric rings around a given point.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.clump<span>                       </span>Recategorizes data in a raster map layer by grouping cells that form
physically discrete areas into unique categories.layer. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.grow<span>                         </span>Generates an output raster map layer with contiguous areas grown by one
cell (pixel).</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.neighbors<span>                 </span>Replace a cell value with the standard deviation, variance, diversity, or
interspersion value in windows of size from 1-25 cells (odd values only)</span></span></p>
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<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create new raster maps that are random</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.random<span>                     </span>Creates a raster map layer and site list file containing randomly located
sites.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.random.cells<span>            </span>Generates random cell values with spatial dependence.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.random.surface<span>        </span>Generates random surface(s) with spatial dependence</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.surf.gauss<span>                </span>GRASS module to produce a raster map layer of gaussian deviates whose
mean and standard deviation can be expressed by the user. It uses a
gaussian random number generator from Press, Flannery, Teukolsky and
Vetterling (1988) - Numerical Recipes in C.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.surf.random<span>              </span>GRASS module to produce a raster map layer of uniform random deviates
whose range can be expressed by the user. It uses the random number
generator described in Press, Flannery, Teukolsky and Vetterling (1988) -
Numerical Recipes in C.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Use a mask to restrict analysis to a particular part of the map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.mask<span>                        </span>Create and destroy raster MASK files for highlighting and operating on
particular map categories</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.mask.points<span>              </span>Examines and filters lists of points constituting lines to determine if they
fall within current region and mask and optionally an additional raster map.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Interpolate or smooth a raster map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.bilinear<span>                     </span>Bilinear interpolation utility for raster map layers.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.mfilter<span>                       </span>Raster file matrix filter.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.neighbors<span>                 </span>Makes each cell category value a function of the category values assigned
to the cells around it, and stores new cell values in an output raster map
layer. Can use average, median, mode, minimum, maximum in windows of
odd sizes from 1-25 cells.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.surf.contour<span>              </span>Surface generation program from rasterized contours.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.surf.idw<span>                    </span>Surface interpolation utility for raster map layers.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.surf.idw2<span>                  </span>Surface generation program.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Convert raster maps to site lists or vector maps</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Convert raster maps to site lists</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.to.sites<span>                     </span>Converts point data in a GRASS raster map layer into a GRASS site_lists
file.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.volume<span>                     </span>Calculates the volume of data "clumps", and (optionally) produces a
GRASS site_lists file containing the calculated centroids of these clumps.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Convert raster maps to vector maps</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.contour<span>                     </span>Produces a GRASS binary vector map of specified contours from GRASS
raster map layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.line<span>                           </span>Creates a new binary GRASS vector (v.digit) file by extracting linear
features from a thinned raster file</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.poly<span>                          </span>Extracts area edges from a raster map layer and converts data to GRASS
vector format.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.thin<span>                           </span>Thins non-zero cells that denote linear features in a raster map layer.</span></span></p>
<br>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Raster utilities: Modify color tables, compress maps, quantize, create support files</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.colors<span>                       </span>Creates/Modifies the color table associated with a raster map </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.colors.paint<span>              </span>Create/modify colors for a particular printer</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.compress<span>                 </span>Compress/uncompress a raster map.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.quant<span>                        </span>This routine produces the quantization file for a floating-point map</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.support<span>                     </span>Allows the user to create and/or modify raster map layer support files.
Note: Interactive mode offers more functionality than command line mode.
Can use this program to update the header file, histogram and range files,
category files, color table, history file, or create or reset the null file for a
raster map.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.timestamp<span>                </span>Print/add/remove a timestamp for a raster map.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Change the projection of a raster map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.proj<span>                           </span>Re-project a raster map from one location to the current location (no
datum transformation yet)</span></span></p>
<br>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="font-size: 14pt">SPECIALIZED RASTER PROGRAMS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">AGNPS</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.agnps50.run<span>             </span>Assess nonpoint source pollution origination and movement in a
watershed</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.agnps50.view<span>           </span>View AGNPS model output</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Cost-surface analysis</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.cost<span>                          </span>Outputs a raster map layer showing the cumulative cost of moving
between different geographic locations on an input raster map layer whose
cell category values represent cost.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.spreadpath<span>               </span>Recursively traces the least cost path backwards to cells from which the
cumulative cost was determined.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Fire-spread modeling</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.ros<span>                            </span>Generates three, or four raster map layers showing 1) the base
(perpendicular) rate of spread (ROS), 2) the maximum (forward) ROS, 3)
the direction of the maximum ROS, and optionally 4) the maximum
potential spotting distance.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.spread<span>                      </span>Simulates elliptically anisotropic spread on a graphics window and
generates a raster map of the cumulative time of spread, given raster
maps containing the rates of spread (ROS), the ROS directions and the
spread origins. It optionally produces raster maps to contain backlink UTM
coordinates for tracing spread paths (GRASS Raster/Display Program)</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Landscape ecology</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.shape<span>                       </span>Performs spatial shape identification and classification on a raster map.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.texture<span>                      </span>Calculate 14 measures of image texture for a raster map.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">i.zc<span>                             </span>Zero-crossing "edge detection" raster function for image processing.</span></span></p>
<br>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Regression modeling</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.linear.regression<span>      </span>Linear regression calculation from data stored in ASCII file</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.rational.regression<span>   </span>Linear and nonlinear regression calculation from data stored in ASCII file</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Soil-erosion modeling</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.cn<span>                             </span>Generates a SCS curve number map layer</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.watershed<span>                </span>Watershed basin analysis program. Can output new maps showing the
number of cells draining through each cell, the drainage direction each
basin and half-basin, stream segments, and data needed for modeling soil
erosion using the Universal soil loss equation.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.weighted.cn<span>              </span>Generates a weighted SCS curve number map layer</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Solar radiation/shading analysis</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.sun<span>                           </span>Computes solar illumination (incidence) angle raster maps for given time
and latitude and solar irradiance (direct solar radiation) raster maps for
given day and latitude. They are computed from elevation, slope and
aspect raster maps. Sunrise, sunset times, declination for given day are
displayed along with solar azimuth and zenith angle for specified local
time. The shadowing effect of the topography is optionally incorporated.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.sunmask<span>                  </span>Calculates cast shadow areas from sun position and DEM. Either A: exact
sun position is specified, or B: date/time to calculate the sun position by
r.sunmask itself.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Terrain analysis</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.param.scale<span>             </span>Extracts terrain parameters from a DEM. Uses a multi-scalar approach by
taking fitting quadratic parameters to any size window (via least squares)</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.resamp.rst<span>                </span>Reinterpolates and computes topographic analysis from input raster file to
a new raster file (possibly with different resolution using regularized spline
with tension and smoothing.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.slope.aspect<span>             </span>Generates raster map layers of slope, aspect, curvatures and partial
derivatives from a raster map layer of true elevation values.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.topidx<span>                       </span>Creates topographic index, ln(a/tan(beta)), map from elevation map.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Terrain - generate fractal terrain</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.surf.fractal<span>                </span>GRASS module to create a fractal surface of a given fractal dimension.
Uses spectral synthesis method. Can create intermediate layers showing
the build up of different spectral coefficients (see Saupe, pp.106-107 for
an example of this). Use this module to generate naturally looking
sythetical elevation models (DEM).</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Viewshed modeling</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.los<span>                            </span>Line-of-sight raster analysis program</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Watershed analysis</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.basins.fill<span>                  </span>Generates a raster map layer showing watershed subbasins.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.drain<span>                         </span>Traces a flow through an elevation model on a raster map layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.fill.dir<span>                        </span>Filters and generates a depressionless elevation map and a flow direction
map from a given elevation layer.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.flow<span>                          </span>Construction of slope curves (flowlines), flowpath lengths, and flowline
densities (upslope areas) from a raster digital elevation model(DEM).</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.flowmd<span>                     </span>Construction of slope lines (flowlines), flowpath lengths and flowline
densities from a raster digital elevation model using a modified multiple
directions algorithm.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.hydro.CASC2D<span>        </span>Fully integrated distributed cascaded 2D hydrologic modeling</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.water.fea<span>                  </span>An interactive program that allows the user to simulate storm water runoff
analysis using the finite element numerical technique.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.water.outlet<span>              </span>Watershed basin creation program.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.watershed<span>                </span>Watershed basin analysis program. Can output new maps showing the
number of cells draining through each cell, the drainage direction, each
basin and half-basin, stream segments, and data needed for modeling soil
erosion using the Universal soil loss equation.</span></span></p>
<br>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">SITE LIST PROGRAMS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Get summary information and statistics about a single site list</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.info<span>                          </span>Reports attribute, label, and other information about a sites file. Reads
the entire sites file and reports header & label information, type of
category, number of attributes & dimensions, and min and max values for
each dimension, attribute, or category.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.univar<span>                      </span>Calculates univariate statistics of site lists. This includes the number of
sites, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, mininum, first
quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.windavg<span>                   </span>Reads a site list averaging the selected attribute among all sites that fall
within each cell defined by the current region settings. The output gives
the coordinates of the center of the cell and the average (mean) of the
attribute values for the sites within the cell. </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Get information about a sites at specific points</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">d.what.sites<span>                </span>Allows the user to interactively query a site list using the mouse. Outputs
the easting, northing coordinate values and descriptions of site(s) nearest
to the user-specified location(s) on user-named site list. </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Test site lists for normality</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.normal<span>                     </span>Tests for normality for sites.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.probplt<span>                     </span>Normal probability plot of a GRASS site list.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Use a site list for geostatistical analysis or spatial pattern analysis </span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">m.svfit<span>                         </span>Fit and plot semivariograms</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.medp<span>                       </span>Median polish for a GRASS site list.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.qcount<span>                     </span>Chooses <i>n</i> circular quadrats of radius <i>r </i>such that they are completely
within the bounds of the current region and no two quadrats overlap. The
number of sites falling within each quadrat is counted and indices are
calculated to estimate the departure of site locations from complete spatial
randomness. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.sv<span>                            </span>Sample semivariogram of a GRASS site list.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create a new site list by digitizing</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.digit<span>                          </span>A menu-driven, highly interactive map development program used for
vector digitizing, editing, labeling and converting vector data to raster
format.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create random site lists</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">r.random<span>                     </span>Creates a raster map layer and site list file containing randomly located
sites.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.perturb<span>                     </span>Random location perturbations of GRASS sites.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.random<span>                    </span>Randomly generate a GRASS site list containing n sites.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.random<span>                    </span>Allows a user to create a GRASS site_lists file containing sites randomly
placed within an area of a vector map. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.scale.random<span>           </span>Allows a user to create a GRASS site_lists file containing sites randomly
placed within an area. This program is designed as an interface to
v.random to aid the user in determining the number of dots to locate. </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create a Delaunay triangulation or Voronoi diagram/Thiessen polygons</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.delaunay<span>                  </span>Uses an existing site list to do Delaunay triangulation, putting the results
in a binary vector file (vectname).</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.voronoi<span>                    </span>Uses an existing site list to create a Voronoi diagram (Thiessen polygons)
in a binary vector file (vect). </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Use a site list to obtain information about a raster map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.sample<span>                     </span>Samples a GRASS raster map at the site locations in the input file by
either cubic convolution interpolation, bilinear interpolation, or nearest
neighbor sampling (default). </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Convert a site list to a raster or vector map with points</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.to.rast<span>                      </span>Converts a site file to a raster map</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.to.vect<span>                      </span>Converts a GRASS site_lists file into a vector file. </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Convert a site list to a raster map by interpolation</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.surf.idw<span>                    </span>Surface interpolation from sites data by Inverse Distance Weighted
algorithm.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.surf.rst<span>                     </span>Interpolation and topographic analysis from given site data to GRASS
floating point raster format using regularized spline with tension</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Change the projection of a site list</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.proj<span>                          </span>Allows the user to re-project a sites file from one location to the current
location (no datum transformation yet).</span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Use a site list for specialized purposes</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.territory<span>                    </span>Calculates territory consumption for animal based on distributed positions</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.vol.rst<span>                       </span>Interpolates the values to 3-dimensional grid from point data (climatic
stations, drill holes etc.) given in a 3D sites file named input.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">s.what<span>                         </span>Allows the user to query site list descriptions. Outputs the category
values and optionally category labels. User types in easting and northing.</span></span></p>
<br>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="font-size: 14pt">VECTOR PROGRAMS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Get summary information about a single vector map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.info<span>                          </span>Information about a vector map's boundaries, projection, data type,
category number, data base location and mapset, and history are put into
a table and written to standard output. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.report<span>                       </span>Generates a table showing the area present in each of the categories of a
user-selected data layer. Area is given in hectares, square meters, and
square kilometers</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.stats<span>                         </span>Prints information about a binary GRASS vector map layer. Information
includes the number of lines, nodes, areas, islands, and attributes.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Get detailed information about a single vector map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.dump<span>                       </span>Report detailed information on a vector map, including information on
areas, lines, islands, categories, and nodes.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Get information about a single vector map at specific points or in specific areas</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.area<span>                         </span>Display GRASS area and perimeter information for GRASS vector map.
Then user can select area on map by clicking with mouse within the
desired area. Selected area will be highlighted in selected color on
graphics display. On regular screen area information will be displayed, in
square meters, hectares, acres, and square miles, Perimeter
measurements, in meters, feet, and miles, are also displayed. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.distance<span>                   </span>Calculate the distance from a point to the nearest line or point in a vector
map. User types in easting and northing coordinates.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.what<span>                         </span>Query the category contents of a (binary) vector map layer at
user-selected locations. The mouse can be used or easting and northing
can be typed.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create new vector maps by digitizing</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.digit<span>                          </span>A menu-driven, highly interactive map development program used for
vector digitizing, editing, labeling and converting vector data to raster
format.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create new vector maps by reclassing or editing a vector map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.db.reclass<span>                </span>Changes vector category values for an existing vector map according to
results of SQL queries. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.reclass<span>                     </span>Creates a new map layer whose category values are based upon the
user's reclassification of categories in an existing vector map layer. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.rmedge<span>                    </span>Selects edge vectors from an existing vector map, removes them, and
creates a new vector map. </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create new vector maps by merging or combining two or more vector maps</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.cutter<span>                       </span>This program provides a way to generate new maps based on an
intersection of two existing maps. It in effect provides a way to create
masked versions of vector maps. Both lines, sites, and polygons are
clipped correctly. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.make.subj<span>                </span>Designed to create a common category file from maps of areas that have
the same category labels, but different category values; and that must be
joined/merged together. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.merge<span>                      </span>Designed to merge maps for areas that have the same category labels,
but different category values associated with those labels. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.patch<span>                       </span>Allows the user to combine any number of vector map layers together to
create one composite vector map layer. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.patch.scs<span>                 </span>Patch 2 or more vector maps together.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create specialized vector maps: Circles around sites</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.bubble<span>                     </span>Create "polygon" circles or bubbles around points read from an existing
"site_lists" file. The "site_lists" points will be the centers for those bubbles
with one bubble created per point. The size of the bubble is relative to the
z value (or "height" attribute") at that point. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.circle<span>                        </span>Creates a vector file which consists of circle(s) which uses each point in a
"site_lists" file as the center of those circle(s). </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Create specialized vector maps: Grids, USGS quadrangle boundaries</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.mkgrid<span>                     </span>Create a binary format, vector map representation of a regular coordinate
grid. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.mkquads<span>                  </span>Creates a GRASS vector map layer and/or site list and/or geographic
region definition file for a USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle. </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Analyze autocorrelation in a vector map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.autocorr<span>                   </span>Calculate spatial autocorrelation statistics for GRASS vector file. </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Interpolate a vector map of elevation contours to produce a raster map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.surf.rast<span>                   </span>Interpolation and topographic analysis from given contour data in vector
format to GRASS floating point raster format using regularized spline with
tension.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Label or clean a vector map</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt">Label: Attach attribute values to sites, lines, and polygons</span></i></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.alabel<span>                       </span>Allows the user to bulk-label currently unlabeled polygons (area features)
in a binary GRASS vector file (i.e., a dig file). </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.build.polylines<span>          </span>Builds polylines from the lines in a binary vector file. It outputs the
polylines in either binary or ASCII vector format, and if requested, copies
the attribute and category files from the original file. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.cadlabel<span>                   </span>Attaches labels to (binary) vector contour lines that have been imported to
GRASS from DXF format. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.llabel<span>                        </span>Allows the user to bulk-label currently unlabeled points or lines (not area
features) in a binary GRASS vector file (i.e., a dig file). </span></span></p>
<br>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Clean: Remove dangles, dead lines, extra points, and duplicate lines, areas, or points</i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.clean<span>                        </span>Cleans out dead lines in GRASS vector files. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.prune<span>                       </span>The GRASS program v.prune allows the user to remove extra points from
a vector file. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.rm.dangles<span>              </span>Removes dangling vectors from vector map.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.rmdup<span>                      </span>Removes duplicate lines, areas, and points from a binary vector file.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.spag<span>                        </span>This program will fix vector data that were not digitized in correct GRASS
vector format. It will create a node at every line crossing, and will delete all
hanging lines of length less than the specified threshold. </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Convert vector maps to database files, raster maps, or site lists</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.to.db<span>                        </span>Load values (e.g., category, label, area) from a vector map to a database.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.to.rast<span>                      </span>Transforms (binary) GRASS vector map layers into GRASS raster map
layer format.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.to.sites<span>                     </span>Extracts data from a GRASS vector map layer and stores output in a new
GRASS site_lists file.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Vector utilities</span>:</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.mk_stats<span>                  </span>Generate statistics file for a vector map</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.mkstats<span>                    </span>New version of v.mk_stats??</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.support<span>                    </span>v.support builds GRASS support files for (binary) GRASS vector data files.
These support files supply topology (dig_plus) and category (dig_att)
information that are needed by other GRASS programs </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.timestamp<span>                </span>Print/add/remove a timestamp (date and time) for a vector map </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><span style="font-weight: bold">Change the projection of a vector map</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.proj<span>                          </span>Allows a user to convert a vector map in a specified mapset of a specified
location (different from current) with projection of input location to the
vector map in a current mapset of current location with projection of
current location (both projections are defined by corresponding
PROJ_INFO files). </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">v.transform<span>                 </span>Transforms an ASCII vector map layer from one coordinate system into
another coordinate system. This program has been used to import vector
files that were in scanner or digitizer (x,y) coordinates and to transform
these into UTM coordinates. </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="font-size: 14pt">PRINTING PROGRAMS</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">p.chart<span>                        </span>Prints the color chart of the currently selected printer</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">p.colors<span>                      </span>This function allows the user to modify a color table for a raster map layer,
by assigning colors to the categories in the raster map layer based on
printer color numbers (instead of red, green, blue percentages). </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">p.icons<span>                        </span>This program allows the user to create and maintain icons which are used
by the p.map and d.icons commands to depict sites. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">p.labels<span>                       </span>This module allows the user to create or modify labels files. These labels
files, which are stored in the database, define text information for printing
with p.map and for graphics display with d.paint.labels.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">p.map<span>                         </span>Use a file of mapping instructions to produce a printout</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">p.map.new<span>                 </span>Use a file of mapping instructions to produce a printout</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">p.ppm<span>                         </span>Reads portable pixmap (ppm) files created by PPM utilities</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">p.select<span>                       </span>Select a printer from the printer list</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">ps.icon<span>                        </span>Creates and modifies icons for use with ps.map</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">ps.map<span>                       </span>Use a file of mapping instructions to produce a printout on a postscript
printer or to a file</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -1.5in; margin-left: 1.5in"><span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt">ps.select<span>                     </span>Select a postscript device for GRASS hardcopy output</span></span></p>
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