<div dir="ltr"><div>Hi Ulises.</div><div><br></div><div>I think you are misunderstanding some concepts.</div><div>This presentation about the American reference systems may help you</div><div><a href="https://geodesy.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/webinar_series/changes-afoot-after-2022.shtml">https://geodesy.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/webinar_series/changes-afoot-after-2022.shtml</a></div><div>or this paper</div><div><a href="https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2023/papers/cinema03/CINEMA03_dennis_12044.pdf">https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2023/papers/cinema03/CINEMA03_dennis_12044.pdf</a></div><div><br></div><div>You should have clear the difference of the k used in a projection (what is a value used in the formula trying to adjust the distortion) and the scale factor of your measurements (that is the ratio between a distance in the map and a distance in the RealWorld(tm)). They are somehow connected, but you are mixing them.</div><div><br></div><div>UTM, as Greg mentioned, has a fixed k=0.9996. Why? Because the projections distort, with a k=1 there is no distortion at the tangent point and 0 ellipsoidal elevation. But that distortion grows when you move apart from the center. For that purpose k is smaller than 1, distorting in the center, but reducing the maximum distortion near the borders. The k of that projection is always 0.9996. The scale factor depends on where you are, because the distortion is not constant.<br></div><div>You cannot change it for UTM (actually it does not affect the results. It is ignored in PROJ if my checks were correct).</div><div><br></div><div>When you measure a distance in the ellipsoid and you compare with the distance in the projection there is a difference. That is what you have in your table. In the center of the UTM zone is 0.9996, and grows when you move appart. It is about 1 near 300km from the central line. Your points are near the center of the UTM zone (lon 99 deg), that is why 0.9996049594 is near 0.9996.<br></div><div><br></div><div>When you center your transverse Mercator in your (small) area of work (setting lon_0 and lat_0), you want to use something near k=1. Because you do not want to cover the wide range of 6 degrees of the UTM zone.</div><div><br></div><div>There is an effect due to the elevation (factor de escala de altura). The higher you are, the more apart are points with same lat-lon, just because the radius at this point is not the radius of the ellipsoid, but something a bit bigger.</div><div>You are in Mexico City (that is high ;), so the custom TM should have a k > 1 to compensate the elevation respect to the ellipsoid.</div><div><br></div><div>See that those factors can be multiplying of dividing. Depending on the use case, and I have it never clear, I rethink again every time.</div><div><br></div><div>What always make me nuts is the false easting and northing. They are just to have positive numbers in your coordinates (it is just adding an offset to the final numbers). I am never sure if they are "real" meters or "distorted" meters (I think the latter).</div><div><br></div><div>Cheers</div><div>Javier<br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, 9 Dec 2024 at 20:22, Ulises Ibarra via PROJ <<a href="mailto:proj@lists.osgeo.org">proj@lists.osgeo.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Thanks Greg and Javier</div><div dir="ltr">I'm putting below what I wanted to do according to the syntax I used.</div><div dir="ltr">But I want to clarify my purpose again: Change UTM projection coordinates to a terrain projection, to use with topography, that is, with a scale factor of 1.</div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">El sáb, 7 dic 2024 a las 2:04, Javier Jimenez Shaw (<<a href="mailto:j1@jimenezshaw.com" target="_blank">j1@jimenezshaw.com</a>>) escribió:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, 7 Dec 2024, 01:10 Ulises Ibarra via PROJ, <<a href="mailto:proj@lists.osgeo.org" target="_blank">proj@lists.osgeo.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">El vie, 6 dic 2024 a las 17:59, Greg Troxel via PROJ (<<a href="mailto:proj@lists.osgeo.org" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">proj@lists.osgeo.org</a>>) escribió:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Ulises Ibarra via PROJ <<a href="mailto:proj@lists.osgeo.org" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">proj@lists.osgeo.org</a>> writes:<br>
<br>
> echo 480037.249 2143783.696 2271.294 | cct +proj=pipeline +step +inv<br>
> +proj=utm +zone=14 +ellps=GRS80 +k=0.9996439573 +step +proj=tmerc<br>
> +lat_0=19.388187333 +lon_0=-99.190762728 +x_0=479969.231 +y_0=2143791.499<br>
> +ellps=GRS80 +k=1<br>
<br>
I am far from an expert here, but "UTM zone 14" defines everything about<br>
the projection, so I don't understand why you are needing to specify the<br>
k. Also sort of the ellipse, but people use UTM with both NAD83 and<br>
WGS84, and you are using it with ITRF2008.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>* I need to specify in detail because I think I have no idea what I'm doing :P</div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto">If you explain all the inputs in detail, including those k and why you expect that output, I can try to guess it.</div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Now, I think I'm not understanding well how PROJ syntax works, but I'll explain what I want to do step by step:<br><br>A) Enter a coordinate (East, North, Elevation) and send it to the cct command to reproject it:<br>echo 480037.249 2143783.696 2271.294 | cct<br><br>B) Define a "pipeline" projection<br>+proj=pipeline<br><br>C) I really don't know why to use "+inv" but if I don't use it, it just produces an error.<br>+step +inv</div><div><br></div><div>D) Tell PROJ the characteristics of the source cartographic projection:<br>+proj=utm (projection=utm)<br>+zone=14 (zone 14 _North (I see that I did not specify that it should be in the Northern hemisphere))<br>+ellipse=GRS80 (I assumed that if the GNSS processing software gave me the results of the ground control points in the ITRF2008 Datum, I should use the GRS80 ellipse)<br>+k=0.9996439573 (I also tell PROJ the scale factor that the GNSS processing software told me that these points have) <br></div><div><br></div><div>E) I try to tell PROJ the characteristics of the target cartographic projection:<br>+step<br>+proj=tmerc (the target cartographic projection)<br>+lat_0=19.388187333 +lon_0=-99.190762728 (the latitude and longitude of the point through which I want the meridian to pass where the transverse cylinder would make tangency)<br>+x_0=479969.231 +y_0=2143791.499 (the coordinates of the point that would be the false origin of the local coordinate system)<br>+ellps=GRS80 (I tell PROJ to use the ellipsoid that the ITRF2008 Datum uses)<br>+k=1 (and finally, that the scale factor is equal to 1, because I cannot tell it, or perhaps I do not know how to tell it, that the radius of the transverse cylinder is tangent to the point I have been talking about, the point that coincides with the longitude lon_0)</div><div><br></div><div>Now that I am reading a little more, I am wondering if the syntax of PROJ, or of the pipelines, is to tell it the source and the target, and that instead of that it would be necessary to tell it exactly what operations to do.</div><div><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto">The PROJ pipeline I think is correct, except for the values themselves (k, false easting and northing)</div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div>. </div><div>* So I understand that the k is not necessary to use in the command. Is this correct? </div><div>* I don't understand what you said about there being people who use both NAD83 and WGS84 and I am using ITRF2008, could you explain it better? Maybe I shouldn't specify the ellipsoid?</div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<br>
<a href="https://www.oc.nps.edu/oc2902w/maps/utmups.pdf" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.oc.nps.edu/oc2902w/maps/utmups.pdf</a><br>
<br>
may be useful<br>
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