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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Dear colleagues,</span><br>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">I am trying to learn more about the Indian indenture system during British Colonial rule of India</span><span class="x_Apple-converted-space x_ContentPasted0" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">
</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">and will appreciate advice.</span></p>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">Wikipedia article on this says</span></p>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">The </span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><b class="x_ContentPasted0">Indian indenture system</b></span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">
was a system of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWA6420472c-91b6-d60d-2417-b1b0824cf348" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">indentured
servitude</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">, by which more than 1.6 million workers from
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWAb366be19-d862-1f96-1f0c-09d14c1f5479" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">India</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">
were transported to labour in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonies" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWA85289ae5-0f4c-dc42-d7d5-fc768a0e241b" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">European
colonies</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">, as a substitute for
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWAf05c2d09-18a8-0b01-a0d7-435651641b72" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">slave
labor</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">, following the
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWA4a408f70-55b9-4828-dd25-629a9b7c5af1" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">abolition</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">
of the trade in the early 19th century. The system expanded after the abolition of slavery in the
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWA473151e3-1a57-9701-bd79-f56d0ee588fb" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">British
Empire</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"> in
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWAec4d046f-9136-cfdf-05f5-7074e708150d" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">1833</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">,</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><sup class="x_ContentPasted0">[</sup></span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">in
the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWA78a5a542-f601-ea1b-beab-c1c08e6bb56f" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">French
colonies</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"> in 1848, and in the
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWAac85ddfa-5e53-4076-1b6a-c3cb82a2fd1e" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">Dutch
Empire</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"> in 1863. British Indian indentureship lasted till the 1920s.</span></p>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWA5049e7ff-88dc-098f-7141-1aa85e2b80b7" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_indenture_system</span></a></p>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">Some of the references and links provided to UK National Archives is not working so I cannot find more historical information.</span></p>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><b class="x_ContentPasted0">Indian Indentured Labor and the History of International Rights Regimes
</b></span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><i class="x_ContentPasted0">The American Historical Review</i></span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">, Volume 119, Issue 5, December 2014, Pages
1439–1465, </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.5.1439" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWA169ff231-0e33-1c28-f22b-fb95ad6cb56c" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.5.1439</span></a></p>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">“THE INDIAN INDENTURE SYSTEM WAS PUT into place by the British imperial government at the behest of sugar planters.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">6</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">
The intention was to provide planters with a regular, assured, and cheap labor force similar to what they had had under slavery, thereby alleviating their need to rely upon, or pay market price for, the labor of their former slaves. During its more than eighty
years of operation, the system was responsible for transporting some 1.2 million laborers from India to new and old colonies around the world—including Mauritius, Réunion, Natal, East Africa, British Guiana, Trinidad, Suriname, Jamaica, and Fiji—primarily
to labor on sugar plantations, but eventually also for other agricultural and industrial enterprises.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(220, 161, 13);">7</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">
Wherever the system was instituted, it became integral to a racial segmentation of the labor force and to racialized models of labor organization. Because of its direct connection to slavery abolition, from the moment of its inception the system generated
significant anguish and outcry from British anti-slavery forces. By the early twentieth century, it became a major target of elite Indian nationalist criticism as well. As a result, it was finally abolished in 1917 in the context of the economic and political
exigencies of the First World War.”</span></p>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><b class="x_ContentPasted0">"Coolies – How Britain re-invented slavery"; exposing the British practice of Indentured Labour</b></span></p>
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uQz080QcGY" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="OWA57d805a7-83ee-b73f-087c-90bdddded393" class="x_OWAAutoLink x_ContentPasted0"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><b>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uQz080QcGY</b></span></a></p>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">Are there any research publications , interactive maps, map stories etc that can be used for education on this topic. If so, please share. Thanks.</span></p>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">Best wishes</span></p>
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<span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">Suchith</span></p>
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