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<head>
<title>gis.m: ANIMATION TOOL</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="grassdocs.css" type="text/css">
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<body bgcolor="white">

<h2>ANIMATION TOOL (gis.m)</h2>

The Animation Tool is an interactive interface to display a series of
raster maps as an animation. Rasters can be added individually or as a
prefix followed by a sequential number suffix.

<h3>Using the Animation Tool</h3>

The Animation Tool is started from the File menu or
from the animation button (<img src="icons/module-xganim.gif" alt="icon">)
on the GIS Manager toolbar.

The main animation window has a toolbar for selecting maps to display
and controling the animation, and a display area. The display area can
show a single, full-screen animation, or two to four simultaneous
quarter-screen animations.

<center>
<img src="gm_animate2.jpg" alt="Animation display window">
</center>

<br><br>

<h3>Selecting Maps to Animate</h3>

Click the maps button (<img src="icons/element-cell.gif" alt="icon">)
on the main animation window toolbar to open a map selection window.

<div align="center">
<img src="gm_animate1.png" alt="Animation map selection window" height="206" width="446">
</div>

A map or map series must be entered in the entry for frame 1. If a map
series is only entered for frame 1, a single, full-frame animation will be
displayed. If map series are entered for other frames, two to four
quarter-frame animations will be displayed (see example image above).
Raster maps can be added individually or as a prefix followed by a sequential
number suffix. <ul><li>To enter maps individually, enter
each map name separated by a comma (no space) from the previous map
name (see the entry for frame 3 in the example image above).</li>
<li>For a map series entered in the prefix/suffix format, the suffix can be
specified as a range of numbers in side parentheses. In the example image
above, "map(1-4)" will specified raster maps map1 through map4. </li>

<li>
The suffix for a map series also can be specified using Unix-style wildcard
matching. In the examle above "rdbuffer[0-1][1-9]" specifies raster
maps rdbuffer01 through rdbuffer19.</li><li>Multiple specification
forms can be mixed on a single entry line. For example, you could specify
"rast-a,rast-b,rast-(1-50),rast[0-9][0-9]". This will specify rast-a,
rast-b, rast-1 through rast-50, and rast00 through rast99.
 
</li>
</ul>

<h3>Controlling the Animation</h3>

The animation can be controlled in various ways by using the buttons on the
main animation window toobar.

<img src="gm_animatetool.png" alt="Animation Toolbar">

<img src="icons/gui-rewind.gif">
The rewind button will set the display to the first animation frame.

<img src="icons/gui-rplay.gif">
The reverse button will play the animation in reverse order.

<img src="icons/gui-stepb.gif"> The reverse step button will step
through the animation frame by frame in reverse order.

<img src="icons/gui-stop.gif"> The pause button will stop the
animation at whatever frame is visible when the animation is stopped.
The animation will be continued from this frame when a forward or reverse
button is pressed.

<img src="icons/gui-stepf.gif"> The forward step button will step
through the animation frame by frame.

<img src="icons/gui-play.gif"> The play button will display the maps
of the animation in the order they are listed in the map selection window.

<img src="icons/gui-snail.gif"> The slow button will increase the
time between the display of each consecutive frame in the animation,
causing it to to slow down.

<img src="icons/gui-rabbit.gif"> The fast button will decrease the
time between the display of each consecutive frame in the animation,
causing it to to speed up.

<img src="icons/gui-loop.gif"> The repeat switch will cause the
animation to repeatedly cycle from first to last frame if the play button
is pressed, or cycle from last to first if the reverse button is pressed.

<img src="icons/gui-swing.gif"> The alternating switch will cause the
animation to alternately play from first frame to last frame, and from last
to first.

<tt>[Names]</tt> The names switch will cause the file names of the maps used for the
animation to display in the lower left corner of each animation frame.

<img src="icons/gui-exit.gif"> The Exit button will quit the Animation Tool.

<h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<em>
<a href="gis.m.html">gis.m</a> manual<br>
<a href="gm_georect.html">gis.m: GEORECTIFY TOOL</a><br>
<a href="gm_profile.html">gis.m: PROFILE TOOL</a><BR>
<BR>
<a href="xganim.html">xganim</a><br>
<a href="r.out.mpeg.html">r.out.mpeg</a><br>
</em>

<h2>AUTHORS</h2>

Michael Barton, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA<br>
Glynn Clements

<p>
<i>Last changed: $Date: 2007/11/18 20:10:13 $</i></p>

<hr>
<p><a href="index.html">Main index</a> - <a href="full_index.html">Full index</a></p>

</body>
</html>

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<head>
<title>gis.m: GEORECTIFY TOOL</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="grassdocs.css" type="text/css">
</head>
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<h2>GEORECTIFY TOOL (gis.m)</h2>

In order to use and overlay different forms of geospatial data in a
GIS, they must use the same coordinate systems and be projected
identically. The Georectify Tool uses multiple GRASS modules to
georectify spatial data (map or image) that is not originally
coded in an earth-based coordinate system (e.g., latitude/longitude
or UTM). The Georectify Tool can transform the simple x/y coordinates
of the original data by shifting, rotating, and warping them as needed
for the original data to match other georectified data from the same
location on earth.
 
 
The basic procedure is to identify a set of ground control points
(GCPs) in the ungeorectified data. The georectified coordinates for the
points are identified. A mathematical transformation is calculated by
regressing the original x/y coordinates against the georectified
coordinates for the same points. This transformation is then applied to
all the data.
 
 
The Georectify Tool can georectify both raster and vector maps. Raster
maps can be transformed using 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order polynomial
transformations; vector maps are transformed only with a 1st order
polynomial transformation. The georectified coordinates of GCPs can be
entered by typing or can be extracted by clicking the equivalent
locations with a mouse in a displayed georectified map.

<h3>Using the Georectify Tool</h3>

<h4>Map Preparation</h4>

The unrectified map or image (e.g., scanned image or CAD drawing) must
be imported into a GRASS XY location. 
 
In order to be georectified, the unrectified map or image must be added
to a imagery group.
An imagery group holds a single map/image or a set of maps/images
that represent different views of exactly the same locale.
All maps or images in a single imagery group
must be exactly aligned (e.g., as in the different spectral bands of a
multi-channel satellite image or layers of a single CAD drawing). You
can create an imagery group from within the Georectify Tool if
desired.

<h4>Setup</h4>

Restart GRASS, selecting the location/mapset where you want the map you
will georectify to END UP (i.e., the projected TARGET location).
Open any map display (or displays) that you want to use for extracting
geographic coordinates by clicking with a mouse. Make sure that the
computational region extents and resolution are set to the values you
want for the newly georectified map.

Select Georectify from the File menu.


The Georectify Tool startup lets you select the type of map to
georectify, the location/mapset of the map to georectify, the
image group of the map to georectify, and a map to use for marking
GCPs.
 
<center>
<img src="gm_georectstart.jpg" alt="Georectify workflow menu" height="214" width="350">
</center>
 
<ol>
<li> click the radio button to georectify either raster or
vector maps (you can only georectify raster OR vector
maps in a single georectification session),
</li>
<li> select the source (XY) location/mapset of the map to be
georectified,
</li>
<li>if needed, create an imagery group for
the map to georectify. (the imagery group target
is automatically set
to the current location and mapset),
</li>
<li> select the imagery group containing
the map to georectify,
</li>
<li> select the map/image to display for marking GCPs
interactively (a raster or vector in the group you want to
georectify),
</li>
<li> click the "Start Georectifying" button
to begin marking GCPs.</li>
</ol>

<h4>GCP Marking</h4>

This opens a special map display with an ungeorectified map to use for
marking GCPs, and a GCP manager window.
The GCP map display can be zoomed and panned like a normal map display.
 
<center>
<img src="gm_georectdisp.jpg" alt="Georectifier Display window" height="439" width="500">
</center>
 
 
The GCP manager window holds the x/y coordinates and geographic
coordinates of each GCP, and displays the error for each
GCP (i.e., the distance that the actual GCP marked deviates from
its expected placement using a transformation equation).
 
 
<center>
<img src="gm_gcpmgr.jpg" alt="Georectify GCP window" height="253" width="650">
</center>
 
<ol>
<li> Click in an empty x/y entry box in the GCP manager to begin marking a
new GCP,
</li>
<li> Click on the ungeorectified map to mark a GCP and automatically enter
its x/y coordinates in the entry box. (Your cursor will automatically jump
to the corresponding geographic coordinate entry box for the same GCP),
</li>

<li>Enter the corresponding geographic coordinates for the GCP
<b>OR</b> click on the same place in a georectified map (in a normal map
display) to automatically extract the geographic coordinates and enter them
into the geographic coordinate entry box in the GCP manager window
(Note: use the <b>pointer tool</b> in the map display window)
</li>
</ol>

<h4>GCP Management</h4>Continue marking GCPs until you
have enough for an accurate georectification. At least 3 GCPs are
needed for a simple 1st order (affine) transformation that can shift
and rotate a map; at least 6 GCPs are needed for a 2nd order
(polynomial) transformation that will do simple warping in addition to
shifting and rotating; at least 10 GCPs are needed for a 3rd order
(polynomial) transformation that will do complex warping. Any
GCP can be edited by typing new values or by selecting the appropriate
entry box and clicking on the GCP-marking display or georectified map
display. GCPs can be excluded and not used for calculating the
transformation equation or the total RMS error by unchecking the box in
the "use" column at the left of each GCP entry line. Only active GCPs
(i.e., with the "use" box checked) will be used for computing the
georectification and total error. You can delete all inactive GCPs
(i.e., with unchecked "use" boxes) by clicking the eraser tool in
the GCP manager tool bar. Total RMS (root mean square) error
is calculated from all active GCPs. Click the RMS tool
in the GCP manager tool bar to update the total RMS error after
changing or including/excluding a GCP. Excluding a GCP with an
especially high individual error can reduce overall RMS error, but will
also change the individual errors of all other GCPs. The lower the RMS
error, the more accurate the final georectification will be.
 
 
All active GCPs can be saved to a POINTS file, associated with the
imagery group for the map(s) to be georectified. If a saved
POINTS file exists, prior to a georectification session the GCP
values in the POINTS file will automatically be entered into the
GCP manager window when a georectification session is started.

<h4>Georectification</h4>

When you are satisfied with your selection of GCPs and RMS error...
 
<ol>
<li>Select the type of georectification you want to perform (1st, 2nd, or 3rd
order for rasters; 1st order only for vectors). Remember, at least 3
points are needed for 1st order georectification, 6 points for 2nd
order, and 10 points for 3rd order.</li>
<li>Press the Georectification button on the GCP manager tool bar.
Depending on the number of cells in a raster map or nodes in a vector map,
georectification may take some time.</li>
</ol>

<h2>SEE ALSO</h2>

<em>
<a href="gis.m.html">gis.m</a> manual<br>
<a href="gm_animate.html">gis.m: ANIMATION TOOL</a><br>
<a href="gm_profile.html">gis.m: PROFILE TOOL</a><BR>
<BR>
<a href="i.points.html">i.points</a><br>
<a href="i.vpoints.html">i.vpoints</a><br>
<a href="i.rectify.html">i.rectify</a><br>
<a href="g.proj.html">g.proj</a><br>
<a href="g.setproj.html">g.setproj</a><br>
<a href="m.proj.html">m.proj</a><br>
<a href="r.proj.html">r.proj</a><br>
<a href="v.proj.html">v.proj</a>
</em>

<h2>AUTHORS</h2>
Michael Barton, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

<p>
<i>Last changed: $Date: 2007/11/18 20:10:13 $</i></p>

<hr>
<p>
<a href="index.html">Main index</a> - <a href="full_index.html">Full index</a></p>

</body>
</html>

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<title>gis.m: PROFILE TOOL</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="grassdocs.css" type="text/css">
</head>
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<h2>PROFILE TOOL (gis.m)</h2>

The Profile Tool will draw a 2-dimensional profile of the surface of
any raster map. The profile will be calculated along a transect line, drawn
with a mouse on a map display. The transect line can be a
simple line (i.e., with only a beginning and ending node) or a complex
polyline (i.e., with multiple segments, delineated by multiple nodes).

<h3>Using the Profile Tool</h3>

The Profile Tool is started by clicking on the profile button
(<img src="icons/gui-profile.gif" alt="Profile icon">) on the toolbar of
a map display window.
 
 
<div align="center"><img src="gm_profile1.png" alt="Profile controls" align="top" height="264" width="400">
 
<img src="gm_profile2.jpg" alt="Profile route on map" height="422" width="480">
</div>

<ol>
<li>Click the map button on the Profile Tool toolbar to select a raster map
to profile. The map to profile can be different from the one displayed.
</li>
<li>
Click the transect button to begin drawing a transect to profile with a mouse
the current map display (i.e., the map display from which you launched the
Profile Tool). Draw by holding down the left button to make a
"rubber-band" line for each segment of the transect. A transect can
have a single, straight segment or multiple segment. There is no need
to "end" the drawing. The Profile Tool will profile the drawn transect
at any time. You can also extend an existing transect and
draw a profile of the new transect.
</li>
<li>Click the profile button to create the profile.
</li>
</ol>

<div align="center">
<img src="gm_profile3.png" alt="Profile plot" height="264" width="400">
</div>
<br><br>

The profile extends from left to right in the profile display. The
horizontal (x-axis) scale represents the total distance along the
transect to be profiled. Vertical lines mark each node on a
multi-segment transect and show the total distance along the transect
to the node. The vertical (y-axis) scale is in units of the map that is
being profiled. All scaling and axis labels are created automatically,
and cannot be changed by the user.

&bull; The erase button will erase the current transect and profile.

&bull; The save button will save the profile to an Encapsulated PostScript
(.eps) file.

<h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<em>
<a href="gis.m.html">gis.m</a> manual<br>
<a href="gm_animate.html">gis.m: ANIMATION TOOL</a><br>
<a href="gm_georect.html">gis.m: GEORECTIFY TOOL</a><br>
<BR>
<a href="d.profile.html">d.profile</a><br>
<a href="d.geodesic.html">d.geodesic</a><br>
<a href="d.rhumbline.html">d.rhumbline</a><br>
<a href="m.cogo.html">m.cogo</a><br>
<a href="r.profile.html">r.profile</a><br>
<a href="r.transect.html">r.transect</a><br>
</em>

<h2>AUTHORS</h2>
Michael Barton, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA<br>
Hamish Bowman, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

<p>
<i>Last changed: $Date: 2007/11/18 20:10:13 $</i></p>

<hr>
<p>
<a href="index.html">Main index</a> - <a href="full_index.html">Full index</a></p>

</body>
</html>

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