[GRASS-SVN] r71767 - grass/branches/releasebranch_7_4/imagery/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo
svn_grass at osgeo.org
svn_grass at osgeo.org
Sat Nov 18 12:27:17 PST 2017
Author: veroandreo
Date: 2017-11-18 12:27:17 -0800 (Sat, 18 Nov 2017)
New Revision: 71767
Added:
grass/branches/releasebranch_7_4/imagery/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo/i_ortho_photo_step1.png
grass/branches/releasebranch_7_4/imagery/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo/i_ortho_photo_step5.png
grass/branches/releasebranch_7_4/imagery/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo/i_ortho_photo_step6.png
grass/branches/releasebranch_7_4/imagery/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo/i_ortho_photo_step7.png
grass/branches/releasebranch_7_4/imagery/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo/i_ortho_photo_step8.png
Modified:
grass/branches/releasebranch_7_4/imagery/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo.html
Log:
i.ortho.photo: new manual page contributed by Zofie Cimburova with minor modifications and HTML fixes (trunk r71765)
Modified: grass/branches/releasebranch_7_4/imagery/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo.html
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--- grass/branches/releasebranch_7_4/imagery/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo.html 2017-11-18 20:26:56 UTC (rev 71766)
+++ grass/branches/releasebranch_7_4/imagery/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo/i.ortho.photo.html 2017-11-18 20:27:17 UTC (rev 71767)
@@ -1,42 +1,344 @@
-<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
+<h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
-<em>i.ortho.photo</em> is a menu to launch the different parts of the ortho rectification process of aerial imagery
+<em>i.ortho.photo</em> is a menu to launch the different parts of the
+ortho rectification process of aerial imagery. <em>i.ortho.photo</em>
+allows the user to ortho-rectify imagery group files consisting of
+several scanned aerial photographs (raster maps) of a common area.
+<em>i.ortho.photo</em> guides the user through 8 steps required to
+ortho-rectify the raster maps in a single imagery group. Alternatively,
+all the steps can be performed separately by running the appropriate modules.
+
+<ul>
+<li><em>Initialization Options</em>
+<ol>
+<li value=1>Create/Modify imagery group to be orthorectified:
+<a href="i.group.html">i.group</a></li>
+<li>Select/Modify target location and mapset for orthorectification:
+<a href="i.ortho.target.html">i.ortho.target</a></li>
+<li>Select/Modify target elevation model used for orthorectification:
+<a href="i.ortho.elev.html">i.ortho.elev</a></li>
+<li>Create/Modify camera file of imagery group:
+<a href="i.ortho.camera.html">i.ortho.camera</a></li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li><em>Transformation Parameters Computation</em>
+<ol>
+<li value=5> Compute image-to-photo transformation:
+<a href="g.gui.photo2image.html">g.gui.photo2image</a></li>
+<li> Initialize parameters of camera:
+<a href="i.ortho.init.html">i.ortho.init</a></li>
+<li> Compute ortho-rectification parameters from ground control points:
+<a href="g.gui.image2target.html">g.gui.image2target</a></li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+
+<li><em>Ortho-rectification</em>
+<ol>
+<li value=8> Ortho-rectify imagery group:
+<a href="i.ortho.rectify.html">i.ortho.rectify</a></li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
<p>
-<em>i.ortho.photo -- Imagery Group</em>
-<br>
-<em>Initialization Options</em><br>
-<br>
-1. Select/Modify imagery group (i.group)<br>
-2. Select/Modify imagery group target (i.ortho.target)<br>
-3. Select/Modify target elevation model (i.ortho.elev)<br>
-4. Select/Modify imagery group camera (i.ortho.camera)<br>
-<br>
-<em>Transformation Parameter Computations</em><br>
-<br>
-5. Compute image-to-photo transformation (i.photo.2image)<br>
-6. Initialize exposure station parameters (i.ortho.init)<br>
-7. Compute ortho-rectification parameters (i.photo.2image)<br>
-<br>
-<em>Ortho-rectification Option</em><br>
-<br>
-8. Ortho-rectify imagery files (i.ortho.rectify)<br>
-<br>
+The ortho-rectification procedure in GRASS GIS places the image pixels on
+the surface of the earth by matching the coordinate system of the aerial
+image in pixels (<em>image coordinate system</em>) and the coordinate
+system of the camera sensor in millimetres (<em>photo coordinate system</em>)
+for the interior orientation of the image, and further to the georeferenced
+coordinate system defined by projection parametres
+(<em>target coordinate system</em>) for exterior orientation.
+
+<h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
+Five groups of input parameters are required for ortho-rectification:
+<ul>
+<li>Aerial image (images),</li>
+<li>Exposure and characteristics of the camera, i.e. its coordinates in
+target coordinate system and height above sea level, focal lenght, yaw,
+pitch and roll, dimensions of the camera sensor and resolution of aerial
+images,</li>
+<li>Reference surface, i.e. digital elevation model in the target coordinate
+system used to normalize the terrain undulation,</li>
+<li>Topographic reference map used to find corresponding ground control
+points and/or,</li>
+<li>Coordinates of ground control points in the target coordinate system.</li>
+</ul>
-<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
+<div align="center" style="margin: 10px">
+<a href="i_ortho_photo_step1.png">
+<img src="i_ortho_photo_step1.png" width="600" height="512" alt="i.ortho.photo example" border="0">
+</a><br>
+<i>Example of an input oblique image in a source location</i>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+To ortho-rectify aerial images the user has to follow the menu options
+step by step. Alternatively, all the steps can be performed separately
+by running the corresponding modules.
+<p>
+The aerial photos shall be stored in a <b>source location</b> - a general
+Cartesian coordinate system (XY). Digital elevation model and a map reference
+(topo sheet or other map used for ground control point matching) shall
+be stored in a <b>target location</b> in a real-world coordinate system
+(e.g. ETRS33).
+<p>
+The steps to follow are described below:
+<ol>
+<li><em>Create/Modify imagery group to be orthorectified:
+<a href="i.group.html">i.group</a></em>
+<p>
+This step is to be run in the <b>source location</b>.
+<p>
+In this first step an imagery group of aerial images for ortho-rectification
+is created or modified. The current imagery group is displayed at the top
+of the menu. You may select a new or existing imagery
+group for the ortho-rectification. After choosing this option you will
+be prompted for the name of a new or existing imagery group. As a result,
+a new file <em>mapset/group/name_of_group/<b>REF</b></em>
+is created that contatins the names of all images in a group.
+<div class="code"><pre>
+IMG_0020 source_mapset
+IMG_0021 source_mapset
+IMG_0022 source_mapset
+</pre></div>
+</li>
+
+<li><em>Select/Modify target location and mapset for orthorectification:
+<a href="i.ortho.target.html">i.ortho.target</a></em>
+<p>
+This step is to be run in the <b>source location</b>.
+<p>
+The target location and mapset may be selected or modified in Step 2.
+You will be prompted for the names of the projected target location and
+mapset where the ortho-rectified raster maps will reside. The target
+location is also the location from which the elevation model (raster
+map) will be selected (see Step 3). In Step 2, a new file
+<em>mapset/group/name_of_group/<b>TARGET</b></em>
+is created contatining the names of target location and mapset.
+
+<div class="code"><pre>
+ETRS_33N
+target_mapset
+</pre></div>
+</li>
+
+<li><em>Select/Modify target elevation model used for orthorectification:
+<a href="i.ortho.elev.html">i.ortho.elev</a></em>
+<p>
+This step is to be run in the <b>source location</b>.
+<p>
+Step 3 allows you to select the raster map from the target location to be
+used as the elevation model. The elevation model is required for both the
+computation of photo-to-target parameters (Step 6) and for the
+ortho-rectification of the imagery group files (Step 8).
+The raster map selected for the elevation model should cover the entire
+area of the image group to be ortho-rectified. DTED and DEM files are
+suitable for use as elevation model in the ortho-rectification program.
+In Step 3 you will be prompted for the name of the raster map in the
+target location that you want to use as the elevation model. As a result
+of this step, a new file <em>mapset/group/name_of_group/<b>ELEVATION</b></em>
+is created contatining the name and mapset of the chosen DEM.
+
+<div class="code"><pre>
+elevation layer :ELEVATION
+mapset elevation:target_mapset
+location :ETRS_33N
+math expression :(null)
+units :(null)
+no data values :(null)
+</pre></div>
+</li>
+
+<li><em> Create/Modify camera file of imagery group:
+<a href="i.ortho.camera.html">i.ortho.camera</a></em>
+<p>
+This step is to be run in the <b>source location</b>.
+<p>
+In Step 4 you may select or create a camera reference file that will be
+used with the current imagery group. A camera reference file contains
+information on the internal characteristics of the aerial camera, as well
+as the geometry of the fiducial or reseau marks. The most important
+characteristic of the camera is its focal length. Fiducial or reseau marks
+locations are required to compute the scanned image to photo coordinate
+transformation parameter (Step 5). Two new files are created in this step:
+a file <em>mapset/group/name_of_group/<b>CAMERA</b></em>, contatining
+the name of the reference camera and a file
+<em>mapset/camera/<b>name_of_reference</b></em>, contatining the
+camera parameters.
+
+<div class="code"><pre>
+CAMERA NAME sony
+CAMERA ID 123
+CAMERA XP 0
+CAMERA YP 0
+CAMERA CFL 16
+NUM FID 4
+ 0 -11.6 0
+ 1 0 7.7
+ 2 11.6 0
+ 3 0 -7.7
+</pre></div>
+</li>
+
+<li><em> Compute image-to-photo transformation:
+<a href="g.gui.photo2image.html">g.gui.photo2image</a></em>
+<p>
+This step is to be run in the <b>source location</b>.
+<p>
+The scanned image to photo coordinate transformation parameters, i.e. the
+"interior orientation", is computed in Step 5. In this interactive step you
+associate the scanned reference points (fiducials, reseau marks, etc.)
+with their known photo coordinates from the camera reference file. A new
+file <em>mapset/group/name_of_group/<b>REF_POINTS</b></em>
+is created, contatining a list of pairs of coordinates in image and photo
+coordinate systems.
+
+<div class="code"><pre>
+# Ground Control Points File
+#
+# target location: XY
+# target mapset: source_mapset
+# source target status
+# east north east north (1=ok, 0=ignore)
+#-------------------------------------------------------------
+0 1816 -11.6 0.0 1
+2728 3632 0.0 7.7 1
+5456 1816 11.6 0.0 1
+2728 0.0 0.0 -7.7 1
+</pre></div>
+
+<div align="center" style="margin: 10px">
+<a href="i_ortho_photo_step5.png">
+<img src="i_ortho_photo_step5.png" width="600" height="636" alt="i.ortho.photo example" border="0">
+</a><br>
+<i>Step 5: Image-to-photo transformation of an oblique image</i>
+</div>
+</li>
+
+<li><em> Initialize parameters of camera:
+<a href="i.ortho.init.html">i.ortho.init</a></em>
+<p>
+This step is to be run in the <b>source location</b>.
+<p>
+In Step 6, initial camera exposure station parameters and initial variances
+may be selected or modified.
+<ul>
+ <li><b>X</b>: East aircraft position;</li>
+ <li><b>Y</b>: North aircraft position;</li>
+ <li><b>Z</b>: Flight heigh above surface;</li>
+ <li><b>Omega (roll)</b>: Raising or lowering of the wings (turning
+ around the aircraft's axis);</li>
+ <li><b>Phi (pitch)</b>: Raising or lowering of the aircraft's front
+ (turning around the wings' axis);</li>
+ <li><b>Kappa (yaw)</b>: Rotation needed to align the aerial photo to
+ true north: needs to be denoted as +90° for clockwise turn and
+ -90° for a counter-clockwise turn.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<div align="center" style="margin: 10px">
+<a href="i_ortho_photo_step6.png">
+<img src="i_ortho_photo_step6.png" width="394" height="182" alt="i.ortho.photo example" border="0">
+</a><br>
+<i>Principle of pitch and yaw</i>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Step 6, a new file <em>mapset/group/name_of_group/<b>INIT_EXP</b></em>
+is created, contatining camera parameters.
+
+<div class="code"><pre>
+INITIAL XC 215258.345387
+INITIAL YC 6911444.022270
+INITIAL ZC 1101.991120
+INITIAL OMEGA 0.000000
+INITIAL PHI -0.168721
+INITIAL KAPPA 3.403392
+VARIANCE XC 5.000000
+VARIANCE YC 5.000000
+VARIANCE ZC 5.000000
+VARIANCE OMEGA 0.000000
+VARIANCE PHI 0.020153
+VARIANCE KAPPA 0.017453
+STATUS (1=OK, 0=NOT OK) 0
+</pre></div>
+</li>
+
+<li><em> Compute ortho-rectification parameters from ground control points:
+<a href="g.gui.image2target.html">g.gui.image2target</a></em>
+<p>
+This step is to be run in the <b>target location</b>.
+<p>
+The photo to target transformation parameters, i.e. the "exterior
+orientation", is computed in Step 7. In this interactive step, control
+points are marked on one or more imagery group files and associated with
+the known standard (e.g. UTM) and elevation coordinates.
+Reasonable rectification results can be obtained with around twelve
+control points well distributed over the image.
+In this step, a new file <em>mapset/group/name_of_group/<b>CONTROL_POINTS</b></em>
+is created, contatining a list of pairs of coordinates of ground control
+points in photo and target coordinate systems.
+
+<div class="code"><pre>
+# Ground Control Points File
+#
+# target location: ETRS_33N
+# target mapset: target_mapset
+# source target status
+# east north height east north height (1=ok, 0=ignore)
+#------------------------------ ---------------------- ---------------
+98.3679932698 906.327649515 0.0 1.0 5.0 100.0 1
+733.293023813 1329.61100321 0.0 2.0 6.0 100.0 1
+1292.6317412 1703.76325335 0.0 3.0 7.0 100.0 1
+1625.54617472 1368.11694482 0.0 4.0 6.0 100.3 1
+3239.82849913 1390.97403968 0.0 7.4 6.0 100.3 1
+1570.09788497 2790.06537829 0.0 3.0 11.0 100.0 1
+</pre></div>
+
+<div align="center" style="margin: 10px">
+<a href="i_ortho_photo_step7.png">
+<img src="i_ortho_photo_step7.png" width="600" height="689" alt="i.ortho.photo example" border="0">
+</a><br>
+<i>Step 7: Detail of ground control points matching in an oblique image and terrain model</i>
+</div>
+</li>
+
+<li><em> Ortho-rectify imagery group:
+<a href="i.ortho.rectify.html">i.ortho.rectify</a></em>
+<p>
+This step is to be run in the <b>source location</b>.
+<p>
+Step 8 is used to perform the actual image ortho-rectification after all
+of the transformation parameters have been computed. Ortho-rectified raster
+files will be created in the target location for each selected imagery
+group file. You may select either the current window in the target
+location or the minimal bounding window for the ortho-rectified image.
+
+<div align="center" style="margin: 10px">
+<a href="i_ortho_photo_step8.png">
+<img src="i_ortho_photo_step8.png" width="600" height="459" alt="i.ortho.photo example" border="0">
+</a><br>
+<i>Step 8: Ortho-rectified oblique image</i>
+</div>
+
+As a result, the ortho-rectified raster map is available for visualization
+and further image analysis.
+</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
+
<em>
-<a href="i.group.html">i.group</a><br>
-<a href="i.ortho.target.html">i.ortho.target</a><br>
-<a href="i.ortho.elev.html">i.ortho.elev</a><br>
-<a href="i.ortho.camera.html">i.ortho.camera</a><br>
-<a href="i.photo.2image.html">i.photo.2image</a><br>
-<a href="i.ortho.init.html">i.ortho.init</a><br>
-<a href="i.photo.2target.html">i.photo.2target</a><br>
-<a href="i.ortho.rectify.html">i.ortho.rectify</a>
+<a href="g.gui.image2target.html">g.gui.image2target</a>,
+<a href="g.gui.photo2image.html">g.gui.photo2image</a>,
+<a href="i.group.html">i.group</a>,
+<a href="i.ortho.camera.html">i.ortho.camera</a>,
+<a href="i.ortho.elev.html">i.ortho.elev</a>,
+<a href="i.ortho.init.html">i.ortho.init</a>,
+<a href="i.ortho.rectify.html">i.ortho.rectify</a>,
+<a href="i.ortho.target.html">i.ortho.target</a>
</em>
-
-<H2>AUTHOR</H2>
+<h2>AUTHOR</h2>
Mike Baba, DBA Systems, Inc.<br>
GRASS development team, 199?-2017<br>
<p>
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