It looks very much like an out-of-memory error. In the gdb backtrace I see
#4 0x00007ffff6601ebd in RTreeNewListBranch (t=0x609c30) at node.c:441
p = 0x0
which means that memory allocation failed.
Try
export GRASS_VECTOR_LOWMEM=1
r.to.vect --o --v input=seg_0.05_final at pietro output=seg005 type=area
Markus M